Oct 17, 2011 · Christopher Hitchens Agreed to Be Waterboarded to Prove That It Was Not Torture Top 5. Today; 7 Days; 30 Days; 35 Cool Pics and Fascinating Photos For You to Ponder HORSE COCK PEGGING AND POST ORGASM PLAY 5 MIN PORNHUB. POST ORGASM RIDING 7 MIN PORNHUB. EDGING HANDJOB WITH POST ORGASM PLAY 10 MIN PORNHUB. DOUBLE TOOTHBRUSH VIBRATION AND MULTIPLE ORGASM WITH POST ORGASM TORTURE 8 MIN PORNHUB. REDHEAD SHEMALE POST ORGASM HANDJOB SHIRI ALLWOOD 11 MIN PORNHUB. UNSTOPPABLE HANDJOB TORTURE POST ORGASM TORTURE ...The man’s tale was included in a Clinical Anatomy study that concluded that prostate stimulation provides men more powerful orgasms than those from good old-fashioned intercourse. The scientists ...Apr 30, 2016 · For both men and women the post orgasm torture is the continuation of stimulation of the genitals after orgasm is achieved. After the orgasm, the genitals are in a state of hypersensitivity. Hypersensitivity that can be exploited in a BDSM situation. This brief to the point book will focus on implementing this torture on men. Who this book if ... I’m going to make a confession. Many a professional dominatrix will tell you she will not allow submissives to orgasm during the session. I did. How to sext like a pro, with these tips from a ...Aug 10, 2012 · 10 Humiliator Gag System. Gags are pretty standard fare as far as sex toys go, but this one gets a nod for thorough insanity. The Humiliator gag system features a number of attachments, including a serving tray, a feather duster, an ash tray, a toilet paper dispenser, a coat hook and, of course, a toilet brush. Character tropes. Bunker Woman: A woman is kidnapped and held somewhere contained, usually a bunker, usually by a man. Exalted Torturer: When the person doing the torture is also the hero. Loves the Sound of Screaming: Someone finds joy in the loud, loud misery of others. Too Kinky to Torture: A character actually enjoys being tortured.Aug 5, 2010 · I tie my boytoy to my bed very often. Not handcuff, as they can get really uncomfortable and can actually injure you. I have very large bed and very sturdy headboards and I have soft leather restraints I use, that are very comfortable. I like riding him when he is tied up. I also like fucking him with my strap-on, I have a number of toys I use ... Real torture techniques are messy, uncomfortable to watch, and difficult to simulate for TV. Such graphic violence would risk an undesirably restrictive MPAA rating or rejection by a network's standards. More of an immediate problem, a key character with broken limbs or open wounds would simply not be able to physically continue in the plot without a considerable healing period, of which there ... CHINA Torture methods in the People’s Republic of China Almost every prisoner in the People’s Republic of China had to or still has to suffer being beaten and kicked. This by far most common form of abuse is especially easy to spot 9. Tongue Tearer. 10 Cruel Torture Devices Designed to Cause Huge Pain. A Tongue Tearer looked like an extra-large pair of scissors. It was used to cut off the tongue of the victim without any effort. The mouth of the victim would first be forced open using a device called a mouth opener.Other Names for Prostate Orgasm. The prostate is sometimes called the male g-spot, or the p-spot, a reference to the area inside the vagina, called the g-spot, that may lead to orgasm. Some people ... REAL FEMALE ORGASM COMPILATION PUSSY LICKING ORGASMIC CONVULSIONS LEGS SHAKING ORGASM OTTA KOI 17 MIN PORNHUB. POV ANAL SEX REAL FEMALE ANAL ORGASM FUCKING TIGHT ASS WITH BIG HARD DICK RUDA CAT 10 MIN PORNHUB. REAL FEMALE ORGASM AT 805 AND THEN PAINFUL DOGGYSTYLE 12 MIN PORNHUB. OH YEAH REAL FEMALE ORGASM AND PLEASURE COMPILATION JERKOFF ... Abrasion – Rubbing You the Right Way. by Rich W. While the world at large thinks of “abrasion” as a wearing or grinding away by friction or as an irritation, we who are SM-aware know that abrasion is an erotic stimulation of the skin by rubbing, scratching, or pricking. Abrasives are referred to in the Bible and are depicted in Egyptian ...In this clip from Tuesday's new Dating #No Filter, enthusiastic blind dater Abby dabbles in BDSM for the first time. The problem is, Abby isn't totally sure she's into BDSM. In fact, when her ...Below are the various forms of torture methods used on women who trespasses. 1. Scold’s Bridle. It is an iron cage for the woman’s face that is used for punishing women who nagged, gossiped, talked back, or just talked too much. The bridle will be locked on your head and the protruding metal with spikes will be inserted into the woman’s ...“Men are going to become irrelevant.” Search, watch, and cook every single Tasty recipe and video ever - all in one place!The UAE is a key US ally whose secret prisons and widespread torture were exposed by an AP investigation last June. The AP has since identified at least five prisons where security forces use ...Ballistic CBT Chair - Cock & Ball Torture Bench Queening Milking Rim Restraint Forced Butt Plug Dildo Dungeon Furniture BDSM Bondage Seat. (2.1k) $599.95. CBT - TAU CHAIR with handcuffs and collar for bondage. bdsm bed for adults, dungeon cbt chair. With dildo and leather belts for submissive.VERONICA RUINED ORGASM COMPILATION 1 FEMDOM HANDJOBS EDGING COCK TEASING 14 MIN PORNHUB. LONELY GOTH BOY RUINED HIS ORGASM 8 MIN PORNHUB. FEMDOM RUINED ORGASM AND HANDJOB CUM CONTROL 6 MIN PORNHUB. 296 RUINED ORGASM BLOWJOB AND HANDJOB RESULT IN A MASSIVE PLEASURELESS CUMSHOT 720P 3 MIN PORNHUB. by Donato Totaro Volume 2, Issue 3 / August 1998 16 minutes (3937 words) Part 2: Japanese Violence and Misogyny in Cultural Context. Most of the torture films were Asian, including five from Japan. To add to the exploitation angle of a torture film sex is often thrown into the mix. This confluence of sex and torture is a staple of the torture ... My strides were shrinking, my breaths were thinning, and my muscles were pounding. But, “It’s OK,” I thought. I was nearing the end of my loop and hoping the length of it would reach my naive goal of an hour-long run. The aches in my knees, the soreness in my quads, and the tightness in my calves were all I could think about.POST ORGASM STROKING MAKES HIM BEG ME TO STOP 8 MIN. YOUR SEARCH FOR POST ORGASM GAVE THE FOLLOWING RESULTS... SPEED HANDJOB FROM YOUR MAID SOUNDING POST ORGASM TORTURE ERA 17 MIN PORNHUB. EDGING HIS COCK TILL IT CUMS WITH POST ORGASM TORTURE 8 MIN PORNHUB. 12 REAL HOMEMADE SHAKING ORGASMS COMPILATION AND POST ORGASM HYPERSENSITIVITY 11 MIN ... Orgasm Torture in Satan's Rape Clinic. (2004) Audience Score. 48. NR 45 min Sep 28th, 2004 Horror. Satanists murder the owner of an experimental "rape clinic" and subject one of her patients to ...Trivia. It was conceived, written, shot, edited and screened in 8 days. When the short film was released on DVD in 2005, Alternative Cinema's credit card company dropped them because of the title. They then had to change the name to Torture in Satan's Clinic, so it wouldn't case any trouble. William Hellfire said this started as a custom film ...LOUD MOANING MALE ORGASMS CUM COMPILATION SOLO MALE CREAMPIES INTENSE ORGASMS PULSATING 7 MIN. COMPILATION OF REAL FEMALE SHAKING ORGASMS AND CLIT TORTURE PURE FEMALE PLEASURE CUM WITH MEPART2 9 MIN. EXTREME ANAL ORGASMS SQUIRTING SCREAMING CLIMAXING CUM COMPILATION. DRIPPING WET PULSATING ORGASMS COMPILATION.I’m going to make a confession. Many a professional dominatrix will tell you she will not allow submissives to orgasm during the session. I did. How to sext like a pro, with these tips from a ...Water torture method of execution. Flickr 3. The Rack. A popular method of torture employed in Russia, France, and Medieval Britain, the rack was used to pull (literally) answers out during the interrogation process.Orgasm Torture in Satan's Rape Clinic. (2004) Audience Score. 48. NR 45 min Sep 28th, 2004 Horror. Satanists murder the owner of an experimental "rape clinic" and subject one of her patients to ...View 52 NSFW pictures and videos and enjoy Hitachi with the endless random gallery on Scrolller.com. Go on to discover millions of awesome videos and pictures in thousands of other categories.The frenulum is located on the underside of the glans (or head) of the penis. It is a V-shaped band of skin that helps the foreskin comfortably contract over the head of the penis for mobility. It ...Sexual torture was prevalent in ancient times. It may take place in any form e.g., violence against sexual organs, physical sexual assault and mental sexual assault. There are many examples of sexual torture throughout the world. Indonesia in 1998 riot has witnessed several cases of sexual tortures. There are always some forms of motives in ...HORSE COCK PEGGING AND POST ORGASM PLAY 5 MIN PORNHUB. POST ORGASM RIDING 7 MIN PORNHUB. EDGING HANDJOB WITH POST ORGASM PLAY 10 MIN PORNHUB. DOUBLE TOOTHBRUSH VIBRATION AND MULTIPLE ORGASM WITH POST ORGASM TORTURE 8 MIN PORNHUB. REDHEAD SHEMALE POST ORGASM HANDJOB SHIRI ALLWOOD 11 MIN PORNHUB. UNSTOPPABLE HANDJOB TORTURE POST ORGASM TORTURE ...No bells, no whistles. Just tell him he’s not allowed to masturbate for a certain amount of days. Then increase it each time. Start off with just a few days though, as you might find he wakes up to... Mutual Pining. Rimming. Woojin could probably handle a ghost. Being haunted doesn't sound that bad. A couple broken plates here, a couple of slammed doors there. Maybe an ominous looming figure or two, but nothing he can't deal with. But see, he isn't that lucky. Because his ghost isn't a normal ghost.Woman gets stretched on the rack. Have you ever seen a girl on a torture device in a dress so short? Taken from the public domain movie Dungeon Of Harrow ... The mad Count De Sade lives in his families' castle located on a remote island. Count De Sade keeps his wife locked up in a dungeon below the castle and his ... DVD now available at VinSyn.com, Amazon.com and pretty much everywhere else ...by Donato Totaro Volume 2, Issue 3 / August 1998 16 minutes (3937 words) Part 2: Japanese Violence and Misogyny in Cultural Context. Most of the torture films were Asian, including five from Japan. To add to the exploitation angle of a torture film sex is often thrown into the mix. This confluence of sex and torture is a staple of the torture ...Sep 15, 2021 · Multiple orgasms require two or more series of contractions. No one knows how many women have multiple orgasms, but studies report anywhere from 14 to 43 percent. As sexual repertoire expands ... Search, watch, and cook every single Tasty recipe and video ever - all in one place! 1. To the Pain Room. She turned her head rapidly to the right. Black was extracting a long nail out of the drawer. She twisted her neck to the left with increasing fear. Her arm, screaming with pain, lay there, bleeding from the deep gashes that Black had so skilfully carved into her skin. She cried out loud in pain, but she was ignored as ... Oct 16, 2013 · The woman removes the clothing from her lower half, and only from that half. The partner—the stroker, typically a man—remains fully dressed. The lights stay on. Over the course of 15 minutes ... Video: Four teenage schoolgirls 'dug a shallow grave for 14-year-old love rival and tortured her for FOUR hours with wooden sticks and a machete' during brutal attackThis photo series is showing women's real 'O' faces. So glad I am from an older generation. Don't want to see men or women in what I consider to be a private moment!Character tropes. Bunker Woman: A woman is kidnapped and held somewhere contained, usually a bunker, usually by a man. Exalted Torturer: When the person doing the torture is also the hero. Loves the Sound of Screaming: Someone finds joy in the loud, loud misery of others. Too Kinky to Torture: A character actually enjoys being tortured. I will include a warning before every chapter. This is something that I hope you will enjoy, and I don't want to cause any mental health problems by springing nonconsensual smut or torture on you. If you don't like spoilers and you don't have any triggers, just skip that warning. I am also open to suggestions on kinks/fetishes, pairings, etc.Apr 4, 2019 · The Girl in the Spider's Web - Black Latex Torture: Camilla (Sylvia Hoeks) tortures her sister, Lisbeth (Claire Foy).BUY THE MOVIE: https://www.fandangonow.c... 1. Ask questions. The feeling of pleasure in erogenous zones varies from person to person. Some people like a light touch, while others prefer intense touching. Talking first about nipple play to make sure you and your partner are on the same page. 2. Use your hands.Torture is defined as “ the act of causing severe physical pain as a form of punishment or as a way to force someone to do or say something.” The origin of torture dates back to 530 A.D. when Roman jurists used torturous methods to obtain the truth. Genital torture (sometimes called genitorture) may refer to: A technique used in torture, the non-consensual infliction of suffering; Cock and ball torture, a BDSM practice; Post-orgasm torture, a BDSM practice; Pussy torture, a BDSM practice; See also. Breast torture, a BDSM practice; Genitorturers, a rock bandDec 29, 2020 · Red room torture dark web content. What's the difference between the deep web and the dark web? How do you get on the dark web? What is a red room? What happ... The Spanish Horse. The “Spanish Horse” was invented by the Spanish Inquisition in the medieval times to punish those guilty of heresy or witchcraft. There were cases, however, when the “horse” took on a more masculine shape and delivery. It is considered to be torture to stretch one on a tight rope (metallic wire), the genitals rubbed ...This photo series is showing women's real 'O' faces. So glad I am from an older generation. Don't want to see men or women in what I consider to be a private moment! LOUD MOANING MALE ORGASMS CUM COMPILATION SOLO MALE CREAMPIES INTENSE ORGASMS PULSATING 7 MIN. COMPILATION OF REAL FEMALE SHAKING ORGASMS AND CLIT TORTURE PURE FEMALE PLEASURE CUM WITH MEPART2 9 MIN. EXTREME ANAL ORGASMS SQUIRTING SCREAMING CLIMAXING CUM COMPILATION. DRIPPING WET PULSATING ORGASMS COMPILATION.di2023 HandMade Meeval Miniature instruments of torture Guillotine Figure,Punishment furniture,2 colour,1:6 and 12 Wooden Crafts Guillotine. (57) $83.64. $92.93 (10% off) FREE shipping. The man’s tale was included in a Clinical Anatomy study that concluded that prostate stimulation provides men more powerful orgasms than those from good old-fashioned intercourse. The scientists ...Browse Getty Images' premium collection of high-quality, authentic Female Torture stock photos, royalty-free images, and pictures. Female Torture stock photos are available in a variety of sizes and formats to fit your needs.Apr 30, 2016 · For both men and women the post orgasm torture is the continuation of stimulation of the genitals after orgasm is achieved. After the orgasm, the genitals are in a state of hypersensitivity. Hypersensitivity that can be exploited in a BDSM situation. This brief to the point book will focus on implementing this torture on men. Who this book if ... 1. To the Pain Room. She turned her head rapidly to the right. Black was extracting a long nail out of the drawer. She twisted her neck to the left with increasing fear. Her arm, screaming with pain, lay there, bleeding from the deep gashes that Black had so skilfully carved into her skin. She cried out loud in pain, but she was ignored as ...Scenes of 'sadistic' torture captured on tape Human Rights Watch reviewed disturbing footage of alleged war crimes. May 25, 2017Find the best Woman Torture Stock Videos and Footage for your project. Download royalty-free stock videos from Adobe's collection. Abrasion – Rubbing You the Right Way. by Rich W. While the world at large thinks of “abrasion” as a wearing or grinding away by friction or as an irritation, we who are SM-aware know that abrasion is an erotic stimulation of the skin by rubbing, scratching, or pricking. Abrasives are referred to in the Bible and are depicted in Egyptian ...Search, watch, and cook every single Tasty recipe and video ever - all in one place! Feb 28, 2022 · People tend to associate orgasms with the genitals, but they can result from stimulation in other erogenous zones, such as the nipples. A 2016 study, for example, found that 12% of females can ... No bells, no whistles. Just tell him he’s not allowed to masturbate for a certain amount of days. Then increase it each time. Start off with just a few days though, as you might find he wakes up to... 1. The victim was placed on top of a pyramid-shaped seat, with both legs tied together. 2. The chair's point was usually inserted into the anus or vagina, stretching the orifice. 3. The victim was ...Multiple orgasms require two or more series of contractions. No one knows how many women have multiple orgasms, but studies report anywhere from 14 to 43 percent. As sexual repertoire expands ...HORSE COCK PEGGING AND POST ORGASM PLAY 5 MIN PORNHUB. POST ORGASM RIDING 7 MIN PORNHUB. EDGING HANDJOB WITH POST ORGASM PLAY 10 MIN PORNHUB. DOUBLE TOOTHBRUSH VIBRATION AND MULTIPLE ORGASM WITH POST ORGASM TORTURE 8 MIN PORNHUB. REDHEAD SHEMALE POST ORGASM HANDJOB SHIRI ALLWOOD 11 MIN PORNHUB. UNSTOPPABLE HANDJOB TORTURE POST ORGASM TORTURE ...1. To the Pain Room. She turned her head rapidly to the right. Black was extracting a long nail out of the drawer. She twisted her neck to the left with increasing fear. Her arm, screaming with pain, lay there, bleeding from the deep gashes that Black had so skilfully carved into her skin. She cried out loud in pain, but she was ignored as ...Jul 24, 2021 · Hanna slipped the leather boots on then hesitantly lowered herself to the floor. She was not looking forward to her reprieve from tight bondage ending. “God those pants really show off that ass, her new owner is very lucky!”. The men laughed as they each grabbed a length of white rope and got to work. Amanda Gryce, 22, suffers from a rare condition known as Persistent Sexual Arousal Syndrome, or PSAS, that causes her to have countless, uncontrollable orgasms that can be exacerbated by everyday...“Men are going to become irrelevant.” Search, watch, and cook every single Tasty recipe and video ever - all in one place!Browse 3,066 authentic torture stock videos, stock footage, and video clips available in a variety of formats and sizes to fit your needs, or explore medieval torture or jail torture stock videos to discover the perfect clip for your project. 03:48. 00:13. 00:10. 00:28.1. The victim was placed on top of a pyramid-shaped seat, with both legs tied together. 2. The chair's point was usually inserted into the anus or vagina, stretching the orifice. 3. The victim was ...a woman also invented a penis torture device In 1908, a woman invented an anti-masturbation device for men. Ellen E. Perkins created a cloth body suit with metal plates.Genital torture. Genital torture (sometimes called genitorture) may refer to: A technique used in torture, the non-consensual infliction of suffering. Cock and ball torture, a BDSM practice. Post-orgasm torture, a BDSM practice. Pussy torture, a BDSM practice. Lora holds out until the end. Custom clip request. Lora has completed a mission, comes home and begins to change out of her dress, when a hooded masked person in an all black suit puts their hand over her mouth and puts a needle in her neck, making Lora unconscious. After that Lora is tortured by the fllowing ways: Hands and Feet Tied Rack ...Sep 28, 2004 · Released September 28th, 2004, 'Orgasm Torture in Satan's Rape Clinic' stars Darian Caine, Ruby LaRocca, Johnny Bronx, William Hellfire The movie has a runtime of about 45 min, and received a user ... Robin's Electrical Torture Shoeshine Boy Slave To The Cane The Basement The Cleaning Maid The Colony The Escape Artist The Huntress Caning The Language School The Worm's View Webb Encounters Z. The Bossy Bank Women. A Judicial Punishment. The Valkyrie. Episode 1. Norseland. The Vision The Agreement First Blood. EXIT. EXIT THIS SITE 10 Humiliator Gag System. Gags are pretty standard fare as far as sex toys go, but this one gets a nod for thorough insanity. The Humiliator gag system features a number of attachments, including a serving tray, a feather duster, an ash tray, a toilet paper dispenser, a coat hook and, of course, a toilet brush.A long, 7 inch dildo, with the tip pressing right against her ass. When her butt hit the elevator, it rammed the head of the dildo into her butt, and then as the elevator rose and pulled the wedgie super tight it buried the entire 7 inches up her ass. Then, just to make things even more insane, Andrew reached into his pocket and pressed two ...With over 1000+ images available, our collection includes everything from medieval torture devices to modern methods of torture. Our stock library is regularly updated with fresh, new images to ensure that we stay ahead of the competition. When it comes to torture images, it's essential to choose high-quality visuals that convey your intended ...I’m going to make a confession. Many a professional dominatrix will tell you she will not allow submissives to orgasm during the session. I did. How to sext like a pro, with these tips from a ...Find the best Woman Torture Stock Videos and Footage for your project. Download royalty-free stock videos from Adobe's collection.Trivia. It was conceived, written, shot, edited and screened in 8 days. When the short film was released on DVD in 2005, Alternative Cinema's credit card company dropped them because of the title. They then had to change the name to Torture in Satan's Clinic, so it wouldn't case any trouble. William Hellfire said this started as a custom film ... Genital torture (sometimes called genitorture) may refer to: A technique used in torture, the non-consensual infliction of suffering; Cock and ball torture, a BDSM practice; Post-orgasm torture, a BDSM practice; Pussy torture, a BDSM practice; See also. Breast torture, a BDSM practice; Genitorturers, a rock band
Red room torture dark web content. What's the difference between the deep web and the dark web? How do you get on the dark web? What is a red room? What happ.... Reiinapop vore
The cervix looks a little bit like a donut. When it's closed, the hole looks like a dimple, but it opens during ovulation to let sperm in, explains Ronald D. Blatt, M.D., gynecologist and chief ...Jul 11, 2016 · My strides were shrinking, my breaths were thinning, and my muscles were pounding. But, “It’s OK,” I thought. I was nearing the end of my loop and hoping the length of it would reach my naive goal of an hour-long run. The aches in my knees, the soreness in my quads, and the tightness in my calves were all I could think about. Apr 4, 2019 · The Girl in the Spider's Web - Black Latex Torture: Camilla (Sylvia Hoeks) tortures her sister, Lisbeth (Claire Foy).BUY THE MOVIE: https://www.fandangonow.c... Jul 1, 2019 · Edging helps "build arousal so that orgasm feels more intense when it finally arrives," Dr. Jess says. "This can be done in many ways, including having intercourse and then stopping when your ... In addition to Amnesty International's list, we'll also look at five common forms of torture cited by the Boston Center for Refugee Health and Human Rights, including burns, penetrating injuries, asphyxiation, forced human experimentation and traumatic removal of tissue and appendages. While most of these endured horrors are physical, or black ... Very brutal subject matter ("audible orgasm") Favorite track: As Deep As the Knife Will Go. Adam Shanley This is the album that reintroduced me to Cannibal Corpse, and it just shows that they are still going strong, and only getting heavier, after more than 3 decades in the death metal game. Favorite track: Crucifier Avenged.Edging helps "build arousal so that orgasm feels more intense when it finally arrives," Dr. Jess says. "This can be done in many ways, including having intercourse and then stopping when your ...Once the device was able to firmly hold the tongue, the screw will be tightened until the tongue is cut. #23. The Rack. It was believed to be the most painful form of medieval torture designed to dislocate every bone in the victim’s body. The victim’s limbs are tied with ropes that are attached to a wooden frame.Below are the various forms of torture methods used on women who trespasses. 1. Scold’s Bridle. It is an iron cage for the woman’s face that is used for punishing women who nagged, gossiped, talked back, or just talked too much. The bridle will be locked on your head and the protruding metal with spikes will be inserted into the woman’s ...Erotic sexual denial. A chastity device with penis tube and padlock. Female metal chastity belt with sharp teeth prevent male intercourse. Erotic sexual denial is the practice of refraining from sexual experiences in order to increase erotic arousal and/or tension. [1] It is commonly used as sex play within the context of a dominance and ...Mar 12, 2012 · Very brutal subject matter ("audible orgasm") Favorite track: As Deep As the Knife Will Go. Adam Shanley This is the album that reintroduced me to Cannibal Corpse, and it just shows that they are still going strong, and only getting heavier, after more than 3 decades in the death metal game. Favorite track: Crucifier Avenged. 5. Learn the ropes. Restraint is the crux of many BDSM scene. After you and your partner discuss what activities are on the table when one of you is tied up (perhaps that's spanking, nipple biting ...Dec 21, 2017 · The man’s tale was included in a Clinical Anatomy study that concluded that prostate stimulation provides men more powerful orgasms than those from good old-fashioned intercourse. The scientists ... Feb 28, 2022 · People tend to associate orgasms with the genitals, but they can result from stimulation in other erogenous zones, such as the nipples. A 2016 study, for example, found that 12% of females can ... I’m going to make a confession. Many a professional dominatrix will tell you she will not allow submissives to orgasm during the session. I did. How to sext like a pro, with these tips from a ....